Alcohol substitutes poisoning
Alcohol – is less toxicant, than ethyl, but in the course of its oxidation in an organism is formed the extremely toxicant products (formic acid and formaldehyde) which invoke delayed and very heavy consequences. Individual sensitivity to methanol fluctuates it is even more, than to ethyl, the minimum dose for the person is considered 100 ml. Lethality at a poisoning with methanol is significant.
Symptoms and flow. At very big doses the poisoning can proceed in the lightning form. In that case all phenomena similar to heavy alcoholic intoxication (euphoria, coordination distresses, excitation),educe much faster, and the mors can come within 2-3 hours. At rather small doses of methanol the poisoning educes as an eclipse period. At the light form of a poisoning there is a headache, a nausea, persistent vomiting, pains in the field of a stomach, dizziness and moderate infringement sight: flashing of “front sights” before eyes, a vision ambiguity – “a fog before eyes”. These phenomena keep from 2 till 7 days, and then pass. At the centre form of a poisoning the same phenomena are observed, but more expressed and in 1-2 days there comes blindness. Thus sight at first is sluggishly recovered, but not completely, and after a while again worsens. The forecast for life safe, for sight the bad. An unfavorable sign is nonperishable dilating of a pupil. The heavy form begins as, but then there is a drowsiness, through b-10 hours there can be pains in feet, a head, thirst accrues. Cutaneous coverings and mucosas dry, inflamed, with cyanotic shade, tongue is imposed by grey scurf, an odour of alcohol from a mouth. Sphygmus frequent, with gradual retardation and rhythm infringement, arterial pressure is raised with its subsequent falling. The consciousness becomes confused, there is a psychomotor excitation, spasms are possible. Sometimes quickly the coma, a rigidity of occipital muscles, a hypertone of muscles of extremities educes. The mors comes from a paralysis of breath and falling of cardiovascular activity.
Treatment. It is similar to that at an alcoholic coma: a lavage of a stomach with the subsequent introduction of sodium of Zinci sulfas solved in a beaker of 20-30 g waters, through a sonde. Struggle against breath infringements – an aspiration of pure oxygen, at necessity and possibility – artificial ventilation of lungs. The stomach lavage should be retried repeatedly within 2-3 days, as methanol is aspirated from an intestinal path sluggishly. During the first hours after a poisoning appointment of alcohol in the form of a cognac beaker inside is shown or in the form of 2-5 % of solution in a vein is trickling from calculation to 1 ml of pure alcohol on 1 kg of mass of the patient. Alcohol introduction prevents oxidation methylic to formic acid and formaldehyde and accelerates its deducing. For struggle against a lesion of eyes it is necessary to resort to early punctures and to appointment of atropine, vitamins (Retinolum, vitamin C, Thiaminum, Riboflavinum, etc.) in the taken over doses.
Hydrolysis and sulphate. Represent alcohol, received from wood by hydrolysis in 1,11,4 times is more toxicant some alcohol because of admixings of methanol, carbonyl compounds, etc.
Symptoms, treatment see Alcohol ethyl.
Alcohol formic. On character of action comes nearer to the methylic. The lethal dose about 150 Symptoms – see Methanol. The expressed psychomotor excitation, a state as “delirium tremens” is more often observed, in 2-4 days sharp renal insufficiency educes.
Treatment see Alcohol methylic. Treatment of sharp renal insufficiency.
Colognes – the cosmetic means incorporating to 60 % of alcohol, methanol, aldehydes, essential oils and other admixings that causes their big toxicity in comparison with alcohol.
Symptoms, treatment see Alcohol ethyl.
Lacquers – toxic alcohol with the maintenance of a considerable quantity of acetone, butyl and amyl alcohol and other admixings. Some kinds of lacquers contain aniline dyes.
Symptoms, treatment see Alcohol ethyl, Aniline.
Fining agent. Its basis is phenolic-formaldegidnaja pitch and the poly(vinyl acetal) solved in alcohol, acetone and chloroform. Toxic action depends on composition of a series of fining agent, material of solvent, and also degree of sedimentation and removal from a resin solution before acceptance inside.
Symptoms, treatment – see Alcohol ethyl, methylic, Acetone.
Antifreeze – an admixture of glycols: ethylen glycol, propylene glycol and polyglycols (brake fluid). Toxic action of antifreeze basically it is bound to ethylen glycol. A lethal dose of the last – about 100 ml, i.e. an antifreeze beaker. Ethylen glycol is a little toxicant, heavy consequences are invoked by its metabolites, in particular ethanedioic acid. It invokes an acidosis, and crystals of oxalate of calcium formed in urine damage nephroses.
Symptoms. The phenomenon of light alcoholic intoxication at good state of health. After 5-8 h there are pains in a gaste, strong thirst, a headache, vomiting, a diarrhoeia. Cutaneous coverings dry. Mucosas with cyanotic shade. Psychomotor excitation, dilating of pupils, rise in temperature. A short wind. Sphygmus increase. At heavy poisonings there come consciousness loss, a rigidity occipital muscles, spasms. Breath penetrating, noisy. The phenomena of sharp cardiovascular insufficiency (a collapse, a hypostasis of lungs). About 2-3 days after a poisoning symptoms of sharp renal insufficiency educe. There is a yellowness of cutaneous coverings, there is painful a liver. Venenate can be lost at the phenomena of an accruing uraemia.
Recognition. A diagnostic character – appearance of crystals of oxalate of calcium in urine and approach in 2-3 days of a stage of the renal phenomena: pains in a loin and a gaste, colour urine of “meat slops”.
Treatment. Basically the same, as at an alcoholic poisoning: the lavage of a stomach and salt laxative, struggle against infringements of breath and an acidosis by means of soda solution which is taken over inside or is introduced intravenously. To the yielded poisoning struggle against infringements of function of nephroses is specific. For this purpose it is necessary to appoint abundant drink. At reception it is necessary to compensate loss of water, a potassium, sodium and chlorine from an organism passing introduction of salting liquids in the quantity equal or a little exceeding a diuresis. For the prevention of damage of nephroses it is necessary to appoint calcium oxalate intramuscularly Zinci sulfas of magnesium on 5 Ml of 25 % of solution a day. In the presence of signs of a hypostasis of a brain it is necessary to make a puncture. At intake more than 200 ml of a poison – a hemodialysis in 1 days after a poisoning, a dialysis. At its development the forecast the extremely unfavorable.